Transformation of Work Free Essays

Four year certification in scientific studies (Hons) In Marketing BMME1 1142A Type of Assignment: Module: Lecturer: Member: UOB ID No. : Date of Submission: INDIVIDUAL TRANSFORMATION OF WORK (BAFW4) MR JOHN NEO BOON LEONG KAM YONG KUAT 10038891 27th JUNE 2012 Page 1 of 4 BMME1 1142A Transformation of Work (BAFW4), Individual Assignment, 27th June 2012 Kam Yong Kuat (UB: 10038891) A basic survey of a scholastic article worried about specific parts of new issues of work Cross, S. furthermore, Bagilhole, B. We will compose a custom article test on Change of Work or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now (2002) Girls’ Jobs for the young men? Men, Masculinity and NonTraditional Occupations. Sexual orientation, Work and Organization, Vol 9, No. 2 pp204-226 Introduction of Gender isolation of the work showcase ordinarily, there has consistently been word related isolation through sexual orientation in all nations. This is the situation, regardless of the distinctions in economy or political circumstance in the various regions. Despite the fact that it has been a drawn-out period of time since ladies have taken part in the working power, ladies men despite everything will in general work in various ventures, for some explanation. Exploration directed by Simon Cross and Barbara Bagilhole (2002) has demonstrated that men commanded ventures like drivers of street merchandise vehicles, creation works, support administrators, distribution center and vendors, specialized and discount agents. What's more, on the opposite finish of the range, just two word related gatherings are wholl y female predominance (over 90%); attendants and care partners. Other female overwhelmed businesses including counter representatives, clerks, cooking associates, essential and nursery teachers and cleaners or residential assistants. Sadly, sexual orientation isolation works both evenly and vertically in the working power. Not exclusively are people assigned subjectively in various field or work, ladies happened to make up most by far of the lower levels of the word related chain of importance. Taking model from the nursing business in the US, men makes up just the unmistakable minority, yet, most are firmly urged to go after advancements into administrative jobs. William (1992) has featured on an extremely intriguing analogy of the ‘glass ceiling’ to that of ‘glass escalator’ so as to mirror the men’s smooth and unyielding ascent to senior administration. Numerous speculations have been advanced to clarify the perseverance of sex divisions in work, and it has fundamentally centered around women’s failure to contend on equivalent footing to men in the work showcase. (Cross and Bagilhole, 2002) Men, manliness and ‘non-customary work’ As indicated by research led by Hearn (1992), manliness has been seen as a long way from uniform and it is seen not as ‘the substance of men’, yet rather as a result of social and chronicled powers. There have been different speculations that feature that man who worked in nontraditional occupations would in general present a less manly sex type contrasted and men in customary male-prevailing occupations (Chusmir, 1990). In light of the diversion and media scene in Singapore, it appears to additionally demonstrate what Chusmir (1990) has contended. 0% of make-up craftsman, hairdresser and style originators will in general depict an increasingly ladylike persona, moving ceaselessly from the conventional male manliness. Some have even been viewed as a ‘fairy godmother’ (David Gan †Asiaone News, 2010). It might be because of the way that demographics from these businesses are chiefly female, therefore the ladylike persona, and in the end, homosexuality. Ye t, these likewise further explain the point that Collinson and Hearn (1996) made, that masculinities are ‘socially delivered, duplicated and surely changeable’. There are likewise contentions that proposes men received a ‘transformed’ manliness in nontraditional occupations, for example, educating (Galbraith 1992) and men who reject generalized sexual orientation jobs, and who performed non-customary work, announced almost no sex job struggle (Luhaorg and Zivian, 1995) Page 2 of 4 BMME1 1142A Transformation of Work (BAFW4), Individual Assignment, 27th June 2012 Kam Yong Kuat (UB: 10038891) Cross and Bagihole (2002) anyway keep up that manliness is the shorthand for ‘gender identity’. What's more, along these lines, through this investigation of the different subjects, it took a gander at manners by which masculinities are characterized, ‘transformed’, (re)constructed, and kept up by men working in non-customary occupations. Discoveries of the investigation of manliness in non-customary work One of the subject talked with notice that ‘caring is viewed as a prevalently female activity since individuals consider carers to be being female, and parts of caring like being empathic and touchy to people’s needs are viewed as something that men can’t do’. This has started the subject to challenge customary thoughts of proper sexual orientation conduct in crafted by a mindful employment. Another member additionally featured the need to challenge the conventional culture of engaging in the mindful scene, despite the fact that he has been acquainted with customary manly qualities since youthful, through the doings of his dad and sibling. He would be esteemed as not the same as being a ‘real men’ in the event that he would to seek after in caring work. One more youthful member additionally noticed that he have gotten antagonistic responses when he referenced to young ladies he met during a gathering, that he was a male medical attendant. He needs to turn to lying about his occupation as ladies were not intrigued if he’s a medical caretaker. Most by far of ladies will begin to scrutinize his sexual direction or begin to impart their issues to him. These are only a couple of the difficulties that the members have imparted to respect to their sexuality and manly character. In any case, the members additionally have a considerable amount of endeavors in testing the difficulties. A male gynecologist who was likewise part of the investigation featured that he regularly felt in any case when he watched his female partners rewarding individual female patients, and thought it was somewhat poor. What's more, hence, he endeavors to guarantee that he handles his patients with more judgment and exertion to guarantee that his patients felt agreeable. This has gone down with well with his patients and he has been properly perceived for the endeavors. One of different members, a male attendant, sees his work as a deep rooted profession, something that he will accomplish for an amazing remainder. With this disposition and approach, he will in general accept the position more truly and hope to endeavor superior to his female partners, whom numerous multiple times, enters the business, seeing it similarly as a subsequent activity or something to improve tags along. (Re)constructing an alternate manliness There are likewise the not many that look to (re)construct an alternate manliness, by relating to their work as being better signs of their actual self (Cross and Bagilhole, 2002). The members consider their to be as something that really draws out their actual nature as a mindful individual. One of the male medical caretaker engaged with the investigation remarked that he utilized not have the option to communicate his feelings out in the open, because of the cliché perspectives on the overall population. Be that as it may, subsequent to joining the nursing business, it has helped him to all the more likely communicate in an additionally freeing way. He presently has no issue imparting his feelings to individuals around him. This could likewise be the motivation behind why dependent on ongoing reports, it has demonstrated that progressively male medical attendants have been accounted for to enter the business (More male medical attendant entering the business †Asiaone, Page 3 of 4 BMME1 1142A Change of Work (BAFW4), Individual Assignment, 27th June 2012 Kam Yong Kuat (UB: 10038891) 2010). It could likewise be to a great extent because of that reality that individuals have developed to comprehend and understand the work one does, is anything but an immediate impression of your sexual direction or character. End Based on the investigations of the different subjects, Simon and Bagilhole (2002) had the option to set up that the guys either endeavored to keep up a conventional manliness by removing themselves from female associates, as well as in part (re)constructed an alternate manliness by relating to their non-customary occupations. The men engaged with the examination have likewise demonstrated to be effectively keeping up customary male qualities, and not testing their sex personality. When tested about their manliness, a portion of the subjects have kept up themselves as the predominant sexual orientation by reformulating the impression of their work as being more men’s work, for instance, by denying that a consideration taker’s work includes caring as it were. It has a specific component of arranging and the board included that will make the male predominance sticks out. Similarly as how Segal (1999) contended, ‘men have remained the predominant sex by continually refashioning masculinity’. Through this examination, it is clear that men have had the option to effectively keep up their conventional favorable circumstances even in female-ruled working environments. Indeed, even in female-overwhelmed work environments, for example, nursing, it doesn't normally set the change or biasness in the women’s favor. The men’s conduct and practices adds to their predominance in the business. WORKS CITED Feminine Males inside Entertainment Industry Yoshio; http://www. whatshappening. sg/occasions/file. php? com=detaileID=51825 David Gan; http://news. asiaone. com/News/The%2BNew%2BPaper/Story/A1Story20101110 - 246661. tml More male medical caretakers entering the business http://www. asiaone. com/News/Education/Story/A1Story20100712-226496. html Cross, S. also, Bagilhole, B. (2002) Girls’ Jobs for the young men? Men, Masculinity and Non - Traditional Occupations. Sexual orientation, Work and Organization, Vol 9, No. 2 pp204-226 Chusmir, L. H. (1990) Men who settl e on non-customary vocation decisions. Diary of Counseling and Development, 69 (September-October),

The Ethical Imperative free essay sample

A worldwide ethic is just practicable as an individual responsibility, says the creator, Dalla Costa. He clarifies that for specialists, this doesn't mean esteeming benefit less, however rather esteeming individuals more. All through the article, the writer shows that business reflects who we are as a general public and the convictions that we live by as people. He utilizes a few instances of associations that have been harmed by unscrupulous conduct to help his announcement. Business pioneers must survey their qualities and roll out fitting improvements since they work in a worldwide economy where market powers have left the human perspective more vulnerable and the benefit component soar. Dalla Costa endeavors to persuade organizations to seek after good and moral arrangements. He tends to the rule of good and bad yet accentuates the significance of moral conduct to long haul endurance and benefit. The article dismembers the various qualities ascribed to those idealistic and critical. It portrays the institutional negativity of business, and clarifies how it is a result of dread †the dread of committing error and of taking a stab at something new. We will compose a custom article test on The Ethical Imperative or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The creator contends that todays widespread relationship requires a worldwide ethic †worry for the shoppers, laborers, and the earth of the general network. He likewise talks about the weights that lead to exploitative conduct by people and associations. He creates on five center false notions that ground the doubters aversion and forestall rectification. In the article, Dalla Costa traces the procedure for joining moral standards to the immediate advantage of clients, investors, representatives and benefits. The creator clarifies why corporate morals must be a central segment of any firm. As supervisors and purchasers, numerous individuals are worried about issues like separation in the working environment, and are attempting to incorporate their convictions into their employments. The Ethical Imperative connections these individual qualities to business execution. ’Costly however they might be, morals are not a use but rather an investment’’ (Dalla Costa, 1998). This article can be identified with any business. [From Tesco’s purpose of view] as trust is fundamental among arrange on-screen characters, we accept to be hopeful is the most ideal approach to accomplish moral practices and arrive at trust between the firm and the market. Since industry, boss, and companion pressure are significant variables imp acting employees’ choices, and since they do what they believe is normal from them, we will deal with changing our business culture to construct ethic and trust. Groups will be worked to evaluate unscrupulous issues, accumulate inputs and remarks. This will thus make a positive criticism circle. Additionally, Tesco will co-make flexibly chain straightforwardness by 1. Requesting full straightforwardness from its providers, 2. Cooperating with Tesco-Motorola-Food providers Customers, and 3. Permitting clients to be consistent with their particular code of morals.

Stress Management in the RN Role Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Stress Management in the RN Role - Essay Example As per Taylor and Barling (2004), profession stress or just burnout is a risk to the prosperity of wellbeing laborers. Profession strain has been characterized by Farrington (1997) as draining oneself to support others. Manifestations of burnout are apparent on these people's passionate, psychological and physical aspects (Taylor and Barling, 2004). These manifestations portrayed by Farrington (1997) include: lower level of vitality, negativity, sentiments of powerlessness, depersonalization, brought down confidence and even skepticism. Emotional well-being nursing has been firmly associated in managing burnout and weight on the nursing field (Taylor and Barling, 2004). Rees and Smith, in their 1991 article, has given a documentation of the pressure request of National Health Service experts in the United Kingdom. It shows that network emotional well-being medical caretakers (CMHN) involved the top spot nearby language teacher followed by general attendants and psychological wellness attendants who are ward-based both in the third position. Another study by Nolan (1995) on emotional wellness medical attendants utilized the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) in estimating caseness. Caseness is a name relating to the likelihood of procuring a mental issue. The GHQ made by David Goldberg is accessible in 4 unique forms with changing number of things 12, 28, 30, and 60 thing Likert-type (with 4 decisions) scale. Since the GHQ is a screening measure to recognize inconsequential mental issues, the poll things intend to know the general soundness of the respondents over the ongoing weeks. It tends to be utilized with the overall population however for the most part utilized with human services experts. Higher scores in the survey infer mental pain of the individual (General Health Questionnaire, n.d.). The GHQ was additionally utilized by Brown et al (1994) and Fagin et al (1995) to quantify the mental misery of wellbeing laborers. Results showed that CMHN have the most elevated mental trouble among the nursing test. Ward attendants were additionally observed to have significant levels of depersonalization. This was upheld up with the scientists by the clarification that ward medical caretakers have lower levels of sympathy towards their patients. Worry in mental medical caretakers has been related to their connection to intellectually sick patients (Melchior et al 1996). Various wellsprings of stress incorporate the patients tended to by the medical attendants, the co-attendants and specialists they are working with, the offices in the emergency clinic and the work itself (Taylor and Barling, 2004). In particular, the analysts refered to instances of distressing exercises by CMHN attendants. Ordinarily, they are focused when in contact with the frightening states of the work place-long holding up lines of patients, self-destructive patients who can be genuinely upsetting, brutal patients and dangerous work regions in various networks (Taylor and Barling, 2004). A portion of these conditions were additionally valid for ward-based medical attendants. The writing has wide records of various nursing fields as having explicit sorts of stressors (Farrington 1995; Leiter and Harvie 1996; Mcleod 1997; Wheeler 1998a). Stress markers when all is said in done have been distinguished in the writing. These incorporate managing various sorts of patients (Haynes, LaCroix, and Lippin, 1987), accomplishing a similar work again and again (Haynes et al., 1987; Karasek, 1979), the instructive fulfillment of the individual required in the activity

SAT Probability

Probability is actually pretty rare on the SAT. So don’t freak out about this topic. In fact, I’d only recommend this post for those looking for a near perfect—those who want to make sure they have all their bases covered. What you’ll have to know is the following: Probability (Likelihood of something happening) = #of desired outcomes/# of possible outcomes Let’s say we want to know what is the probability of rolling â€Å"snake eyes†, or two ‘1’’s, on a pair of fair dice. Well, how many ways can you roll two ‘1’s? There is only one way. So for a desired outcome—the quantity in the numerator—we are going to write ‘1’. Now how many different ways can you roll two six-sided dice? (For a review of the Fundamental Counting Principle click here). Well, there are six possibilities on each die, so that gives us 6 x 6 = 36. Therefore, the probability of rolling â€Å"snake eyes† with two dice is 1/36. Of course things do get a little more complicated with probability—that’s why so many people dread it. Below are some medium- to medium-difficult questions for you to sink your teeth into. If you nail all three, the probability of you struggling with a probability question on the test is very low. If not, make sure you understand the concepts (see explanations below), and you should do just fine on the probability questions the SAT throws at you. 1. A basket contains a total of 24 balls of yarn. 1/3 are white,  ¼ are red, 1/6 are blue, and the rest are black. What is the probability, if you reach into the basket, of pulling out either a red or black yarn?  ¼ 1/3  ½ 7/12 5/6 2. A six-sided die is thrown three times. What is the probability that on all three rolls a prime number will never come up?  ½ 1/6 1/8 1/64 3/216 3. A coin is tossed three times. What is the probability that three â€Å"tails† in a row will not show up? 1/8 3/16  ½ 5/8 7/8 Explanations: 1. Hey, a little fun with fractions never hurt! So, if we do the math, we get 8 white, 6 red, and 4 blue. That means the remaining 6 are black. Since the question asks for red AND black, that gives us 12 (desired outcomes) out of 24 (total outcomes), or  ½. 2. First off, there are three prime numbers on a six-sided die: 2, 3, and 5. What is the probability of NOT rolling one of these three numbers? 1/2, since rolling a 1, 4, or 6 would count. Now, the probability of rolling an outcome of  ½ (or 50%) is much like tossing a coin. In this case, we are tossing the coin, or rolling a die with a ‘1’, ‘4’ or ‘6’, three times:  ½ x  ½ x  ½ = 1/8. Answer: (C). 3. Speaking of coins! A quick way of doing this problem is subtracting the probability of getting all tails by the total probability. Before we do that a quick thing on the probability space. Usually, we talk about something definitely happening as having a probability of 100%. However, 1 also represents a 100%. How? Well, if the probability of something happening is  ½ or 50%, what happens when you multiply both those numbers by 2? You get ‘1’ and 100%. So probability can be defined along a scale from ‘0’ to ‘1’. So for the coin toss, ‘1’ represents all possible outcomes. Subtracting the probability of all tails from ‘1’ will give us the probability of NOT getting on tails: 1 – (1/2)^3 = 1 – 1/8 = 7/8. (E).

30 Top Mnemonics for Commonly Misspelled Words

A mnemonic—or  mnemonic device—can help students remember important facts and principles. Psych Central notes that a mnemonic is a technique people can use to help them improve their ability to remember something, adding: It’s a memory technique to help your brain better encode and recall important information. It’s a simple shortcut that helps us associate the information we want to remember with an image, a sentence, or a word. Students learn to rely on these little memory prompts, such as  ROY G BIV (for the sequence of colors in a rainbow), HOMES (for the names of the five Great Lakes), FANBOYS (for the coordinating conjunctions in English grammar), and Every Good Boy Does Fine (for the notes on the lines of the treble clef). Mnemonics for Life Though they are certainly a great help to school students, mnemonics—pronounced ne-mon-icks—arent just for children. In an article titled Stalking the Wild Mnemos: Research Thats Easy to Remember, educational psychologist Joel R.  Levin concluded:   Sufficient research evidence now exists to suggest that even skilled learners can become more skilled through mnemonic strategy acquisition and implementation. So while you may not admit it, you may sometimes fall back on mnemonics to recall the spellings of tricky words or commonly misspelled words. 30 Top Mnemonics Research suggests that the most effective devices tend to be the ones you make up yourself (and the sillier they are, the better). But some classic mnemonics can be very helpful. Below are 30 of the most popular spelling mnemonics. This word can accommodate a  double c and a double m.I â€Å"c† that you want to acquire it.When you  ascertain  a fact, be  as certain  as you can be.Gumbo lost an e in an argument.Bees will be coming to the becoming flowers near you.Never believe a lie.Dara checked the calendar every day.The cat’s egg is gory in this category.Eileen found herself at es in the cemetery.Emma faced a dilemma.Ed is  either here or there.Its hard to embarrass really righteous and serious students.A new environment will iron me out.Goofy Greg loved to exaggerate.I met my ex in PE;  what do you expect?That liar looks familiar.Generally, a general is your best ally.Mom ate immediately.In telling the gent, he showed he was intelligent.It would irritate me if you forgot the second r  in irritable, and don’t forget the table at the end.An island is land surrounded by water.I alone felt Elis loneliness.Miss Pell never misspells.Its necessary to remember the cesspool in the middle.Have a piece of the pie.Please keep quiet about my diet.Its better to give than  to receive.Rhythm helps your two hips move.Theres a rat in separate.Its truly hot in July. More on Mnemonics There are other types of mnemonic devices, including: Visual systems (creating a visual representation of the information)The mnemonic link system (creating a story based on a list)The count system (associating numbers with a series of items)The major system (converting numbers into consonant sounds) Mnemonics work by associating easy-to-remember clues with complex or unfamiliar data. Though mnemonics often seem illogical and arbitrary, their  nonsensical wording is what can make  them memorable. Teachers should  introduce mnemonics to students when the task  requires the memorization of information rather than understanding a concept. For example, memorizing the state capitals is a task that could be accomplished through a mnemonic device. Whether youre a student trying to ace that grammar homework assignment or research paper or an out-of-school adult seeking to brush up on your language skills, a few memory aids  and language tips can prove to be very useful.

Karl Marx Alienation Theory Essay - 1536 Words

Since the late nineteenth century, industrialization has played an important role in supporting the economy of numerous countries. Industrial factories are essential to our societies and ways of life due to its ability to create various goods and services needed for sustaining our ever-growing wants and necessities. In a capitalist society, there are clear winners and losers, but not all societies follow this economic system. In some cultures, communism otherwise known as socialist party reign dominance and controls how production works and what is produced. Some political philosophers such as Karl Marx believed that a communist or socialist system can possibly fix some of the problems that capitalism causes. Specifically, fix issues with†¦show more content†¦For example, an employee is told by their employer that they must work an extended shift than usual to make boats. If the employee refuses to stay longer to make boats, they may be fired from their jobs. In addition to working tirelessly to make boats, the employees are not given an opportunity to use the boat on the water to enjoy time with their family or to spend time fishing independently. The employees obtain little fulfillment about the items they produce partially from the scarce time employees have to interact their created items. Over time, this leads a disgust of the items and a single perception of their jobs as only work without a chance of finding happiness for their hard work. Eventually, employees reach a point of disgust for their jobs and become alienated from what they produce. Once alienated, employees start to look forward to the weekend for tranquility from their monetary job. Marx believes alienation is inevitable in places such as manufactories or warehouses where mass productions of products are constructed and shipped to several cities. One part of Marx’s reasoning comes from his understanding of working conditions in factories, the other takes in account emotions o f both the superior and subordinate groups found in all social classes. Alienation occurs in the workplace due to superiors enforce subordinates to produce products on a large scale for society. For instance, employees are told by their superiors toShow MoreRelatedKarl Marx s Theory Of Alienation Essay1686 Words   |  7 PagesSociologist Karl Marx concentrated deeply on economic problems and related these matters to social issues. For example, when Marx examined capitalism in the labour sector he came to the conclusion that it drove workers to feel alienated from the product, themselves and those surrounding them. This essay will firstly give a brief overview of industrial capitalism and discuss Karl Marx’s early life and how he came up with the theory of alienation through his influences and life experiences. SecondlyRead MoreKarl Marx And Alienation ( 2000 )1034 Words   |  5 PagesKarl Marx and Alienation (1,800 – 2,000 words) Introduction about Marx (1818 – 1883): mention the materials that are going to be used to back up your points (minimum of 5 scholarly materials) Karl Marx (1818 – 1883) was a German theorist who had taken the theory of alienation into consideration. He was also involved in communist party in Germany, trying to overthrow the class system. Marx had been banished from Germany for his critical thinking, and moved to England where he had become a communistRead MoreKarl Marx : The Capitalist Mode Of Production Essay1365 Words   |  6 PagesKarl Marx is known as one of the worlds greatest philosophers. He’s also a very well touted sociologist. Marks wanted to understand the functioning of the capitalist mode of production. Marks used eight terms to help understand his theory which are, Base-Superstructure, Surplus Value, Class, Contradiction, Alienation, Reification, Mystification, and Ideology. In this essay I will explain what is meant by each term, secondly I will answer the question of: how is the terms related to other dimensionsRead MoreKarl Marx And Max Weber1324 Words   |  6 PagesKarl Marx and Max Weber w ere influential sociologists that paved the way for modern sociological school of thought. Both, Karl Marx and Max Weber contributed a lot to the study and foundation of sociology. Without their contributions sociology would not be as prominent as it is today. From the contribution of how sociology should be studied, to how they applied their theories to everyday life has influenced many sociologists. Predominantly, both of these theorists’ discussed the effects of capitalismRead MoreCompare and Contrast Marx’s Idea of Class and Durkheim’s Division of Labour?1641 Words   |  7 Pagesdivision of labour? The essay will begin by providing a brief introduction into the two perspectives of Functionalism and Marxism, focusing on the theories of the French Sociologist Emile Durkheim and the German philosopher Karl Marx. Then it will give a brief discussion showing the transformation that took place from feudalism to capitalism, providing the reader with an insight into the dramatic change that took place during a time of revolution and revolt. Finally the essay will compare and contrastRead MoreAdolf Marx : A Central Concern For The Young Karl Marx Essay1729 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Alienation‟ was a central concern for the young Karl Marx. Discuss the dimensions of this alienation in connection to Marx’s critique of capitalist society and comment on the contemporary relevance of this concept. Karl Marx is a critically renowned, prolific and revolutionary figure amongst historic academia and is considered to be one of the three founding fathers of Sociology. Working throughout the 19th century Marx’s work included the theory of ‘alienation’. Born in Germany, young Marx wasRead MoreIndustrialization Of The Industrial Revolution1214 Words   |  5 Pagessystem. The process of industrialisation largely affected the division of labour due to the increase in the mode of production. During this period, society transitioned from feudalism to capitalism due to the increasing progress of technology. â€Å"For Marx the industrial revolution marked the transition between two essentially different periods of capitalist development, the first being characterised by the dominance of manufacture and the second by the dominance of ‘modern industry’† (McQuaire, 1978Read MoreThe Three Types Of Theorizing1473 Words   |  6 PagesJessica Stuter September 18th, 2015 Midterm Comprehensive Essay- SOCI 410 1. According to Seidman, the three types of theorizing are scientific, philosophic, and moral. Scientific theorizing, also called the positivistic tradition as this refers to the use of the scientific method in order to study society, is used to describe social phenomena and behavior. Theories that fall under this umbrella can be tested by using the scientific method, they include hypothesis and can be tested. PhilosophicRead MoreKarl Marx and Estranged Labor Essay541 Words   |  3 PagesKarl Marx and Estranged Labor Marx on page 327 of his essay estranged labor is describing what to him were the fundamental conditions of labor under capitalism and why he found them detrimental to man. It is an essay about how people experience work. Marx criticizes capitalism by analyzing his theory of alienation.The theme for this essay was how workers in capitalism are alienated from their work .It covers 4 forms of alienation in capitalist society. Alienation is the transfer of propertyRead MoreCore Vs. Sociological Theory918 Words   |  4 PagesMidterm Essay: Core Figures in Sociological Theory What is the meaning of life? Ah, a question that has pondered the mind of an individual for eons and eons. In a feudal society, it was common to turn to faith and religion to answer such question. Eventually, man became hungry for evidence and truth, thus the Enlightenment was born. The Enlightenment was a period of remarkable intellectual development that occurred in Europe during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. The Enlightenment

Research on Malaria in Moyale District free essay sample

The term `Malaria originates from Medieval Italian Mala aria which mean â€Å"bad air†; and the disease was formerly called Ague or Marsh fever due to its association with swamps and marshland, (Watkins, 2001). Scientific studies on Malaria made their first significant advance in 1880, when Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran a French army doctor working in the military hospital of Constantine in Algeria observed malaria plasmodium parasites inside the red blood cell of people suffering from Malaria. Documentation of report on discovery of origin of Malaria, one of the deadliest diseases of humanity shows that Chimpanzees, native to equatorial Africa have been identified as the original source of the parasite that likely moved from them to humans via mosquitoes. Wolfe, (2009) identified several parasites from Chimpanzee that show Malarial jumped from animal to human. Malaria is transmitted by Anopheline mosquitoes the number and type of which determine the extent of transmission in a given area. Transmission is affected by climate and geography and often coincides with the rainy season. In WHO/UNICEF, (2005) report malaria is one of the most devastating global public health problems with more than one million deaths and approximately 300-500 million cases of malaria annually. WHO, (2010) report, Malaria is by far the world’s worse tropical parasitic disease, and kills more people than any other communicable disease. Several studies observed that malaria kills more than 3,000 children daily and is the single most important factor for mortality among children under the age of five. Additionally, an estimated 25 million pregnant women are at risk of malaria. Malaria is endemic in a total of 101 countries and territories 45 countries in WHO’s African region, 21 in WHO’s American region, 4 in WHO’s European region, 14 in WHO’s Eastern Mediterrarian Region, 8 In WHO’s South – East Asia region, and 9 in WHO’s Western Pacific region, (report from global health council on impact of infectious diseases. ) WHO, (2007) report has shown that malaria has reached epidemic proportions in many regions of the world and continues to spread unchecked. In many regions of developing countries malaria exacts an enormous toll in lives, medical costs, and in days of labor lost. According to Roll-Back Malaria (RBM), over 40 per cent of the World’s children live in malaria-endemic countries and 107 countries and territories are at risk of malaria transmission. Malaria causes 24 percent of under-five deaths in Equatorial Guinea (UNICEF 2008). Malaria is preventable, if adequate resources are invested in prevention. About 98 percent of Equatorial Guineans live in areas with endemic risk of malaria but only one percent of children under five sleeps under insecticide-treated nets. This is far fewer than in other Countries with similar malaria risk. This suggests inadequate efforts to prevent malaria that would contribute to the realization of the right to health of both children and adults. Children under the age of five, pregnant women, and people living with HIV and AIDS are at highest risk for developing clinical malaria. More than 80 per cent of these cases occur in sub-Saharan Africa. WHO/RBM, (2004). Malaria is a primary cause of poverty, putting additional burdens on health systems and costing Africa an estimated 12 billion USDs in lost production every year. The spread of the disease is fuelled by several factors: climate change, increasing population mobility, more frequent international transport, emergence of multi drug-resistant strains, and military and economic deterioration. Abuja summit in Nigeria in the year 2000, 44 African leaders reaffirmed their commitment to roll back malaria and set interim target for Africa. They challenged other world leaders to join them in recognizing the importance of tackling malaria as a disease of poverty. Following the Abuja summit, Africa Malaria Day was declared as a day to celebrate on malaria and a subsequent UN resolution declared 2001-2010. Roll Back Malaria, especially in Africa, giving prominence to Malaria in United Nations Millennium Development Goals. The Africa Malaria report, released in the year 2003/Nairobi/Geneva/New York by the World Health Organization (WHO 2005), and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), said the death toll from malaria remains outrageously high-with a child dying in every 30 seconds. The report gives an African situation for the struggle against the diseases and highlights the urgent need to make effective anti-malarial treatment available to most at risk. â€Å"The roll back Malaria initiatives has made considerable progress since it was launched in 1998, but we need to increase to combat a devastating disease which is holding back the development of many African countries,† states Dr Gro Harlem Brundtland, Director-General of WHO. Nationally Malaria has been a serious public health problem in most Districts of Kenya and the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Kenya. With more than 70% of the Kenya’s population living in areas where malaria is transmitted, Malaria is responsible for approximately 30% of out-patient visits (requiring more than eight million out-patient treatments each year), and 19% of all hospital admissions. At least 14,000 children are hospitalized annually for malaria, and there are an estimated 34,000 deaths among children under-five each year. Annually, an estimated six thousand pregnant women suffer from malaria-associated anemia, and four thousand babies are born with low birth weight as a result of maternal anemia, report from government health facility in 2007. Economically, it is estimated that 170 million working days are lost each year because of malaria illness. Culture and poor access to health facilities lead to increase in cases of malaria. The main thing peculiar with children under 5 years is that many cannot sleep under net due to incapability of their parent especially in rural areas, because of the few wages they hardly get from their casual work. Most children again play outside in the grasses or near drainage where mosquito’s breeds thus are exposed to mosquito bites. In local situation Malaria is the highest causes death of many people in the region of Moyale and districts of North Eastern province bordering Moyale district from east. Malaria claims the life of 1,500 in the year 1998 and out of that 45 death in Wajir district (Daily Nation, Thursday, February 1998). Sololo Mission Hospital reported the admission of 67 people. Out of 67people, 25 children of less than five years were reported cases of malaria (SMH/1999). 1. 2 problem articulation/ statement: Malaria is World’s most important parasite infectious disease. Over 2 billion people are at risk between 300 and 500 million episodes and over 1 million deaths annually, WHO, (2005). Over 90% of malaria burden are in sub-Saharan Africa. Malaria is one of the planets deadliest diseases and one of the leading causes of sickness and death in the developing world. Documentation also show that Malaria affect child cognitive, physical development and leads to poor school attendance. Malaria also leads to malnutrition and anemic condition in children. More so it also affects adult’s ability to make a living and care for their families. At country level malaria affects trade, tourism and foreign direct investment and there is significant correlation between malaria and poverty. An average GDP in malaria’s countries is five times lower than in non-malaria’s countries 1. 3 Objectives of the study To establish factors that lead to high prevalence of Malaria in children under five years in Obbu Division, Moyale District. 1. 4 Specific objectives: 1. To determine socio-demographic factors contributing to Malaria prevalence among the under five children in Obbu division. 2. To establish the level of knowledge on Malaria, among caregivers of children under five in Obbu Division. . Research questions 1. What are the main factors contributing to high prevalence of Malaria among the under five children in Obbu division? 2. What is the knowledge level of care givers of children under five years about the risk factors of late treatment and prevention of Malaria? 3. To what extent the level of knowledge on Malaria, among caregivers of children under five in Obbu Division? 1. 6. Hypothesis/assumption There were no factors that contribute to prevalence of malaria in children less than five years in Obbu Division of Solol District 1. 7 Justification of the study. Malaria outbreak in mid July 2012, number of cases diagnosed were 82, and 8 out of 10 reported death were children under five (Malaria/SMH/ 20012/3). The prevalence was precipitated by illiteracy, migration lifestyle of pastoralists’ community and uncontrolled border intermingling and refugees from neighboring countries like Ethiopia and Somali as revealed by the study of Diseases Outbreak Management Unit-DOMU (2002). Socio demographic factors and knowledge about the diseases control and prevention attracted a lot of concern that call for research in these factors. Obbu division has few documentation of the study, so this will be helpful to academia as it will be used as document of references for a researcher in the same area of study. The government or other stakeholders will benefit from the findings and may take intervention measures for instance the Ministry of public health to educate people on the better prevention methods. The findings of the study will be used by people of the study area to plan for the prevention of the malaria, since it is preventable at every household. 1. 8 Scope of the study To investigate main factors contributing to high prevalence of Malaria among children less than five years of age in Obbu division of Moyale district. . 1. 9 Limitations 1. Data collection during interview was difficult due to migration of the population but the settlement around the centre of each four location was targeted. 2. Cost of getting trained research assistant was challenging. 3. The study was limited to factors contributing to prevalence of malaria in children less than five years of age. 2. 0 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1. 0 Origin of malaria. The history of malaria replete with a number of theories about its aetiology, the earliest theory was the Miasmatic. This theory postulated that swamp air contained chemicals which had been freed from rotting wood. This air was what was responsible for causing malaria (Ransford 1983). It was because of this theory that double storey buildings were preferred during the early days of the colonial period as it was believed that miasma did not rise above ground level (Ransford 1983) and that the miasma was thought to spread horizontally (King and King 1992). Ransford and Friedson claim that Africans were the ones who first recognized the link between mosquitoes and malaria (Ransford 1983; Friedson 1996) and in the West it was only known later through the pioneering works of Patrick Mason, Ronald Ross, Grassi and others around the 1890s. 2. 1. 1 Prevalence of Malaria. There are 300-500 million clinical cases of Malaria each year resulting in 1. 5 to 2. 7 million deaths (WHO, 2005). Global viral forecasting initiative and standard university, made the discovery published in the Aug. 2009 proceedings of the National academy of sciences Wolfe, (2009). Malaria in most countries of Western Pacific and Regional Organizations has significantly declined in the period 1992 to 2000. There is widespread consensus that the change to Artemisinin Based Combination (ACT) in Vietnam was a significant factor in the 98% drop in malaria mortality between 1992 and 2002. The geographical area affected by malaria has shrunk considerably over the past 50 years, but control is becoming more difficult and gains are being eroded. Increased risk of the disease is linked with changes in land use linked to activities like road building, mining, logging and Agricultural and irrigation projects, particularly in â€Å"frontier† areas like the rain forests. Other causes of its spread include global climatic change, disintegration of health services, armed conflicts and mass movements of refugees. According to citation from the August 97 issue of the American magazine the Atlantic Monthly entitled â€Å"Resurgence of a Deadly Disease† by Ellen Rippel Shell. Early success in controlling infectious diseases has bred arrogance and a belief in whopping big solutions. The emergence of multi-drug resistant strains of parasite is also exacerbating the situation. Via the explosion of easy international travel, imported cases of malaria are now more frequently registered in developed countries. Malaria is now re-emerging in areas where it was previously under control or eradicated for instance, in the central Asian and in Korea. Late 1980s, it was noted at several international meetings that the malaria situation getting worse. Figure1. PHOTO OF MOSQUITO THAT TRASMIT MALARIA. Malaria impacts globally. Malaria characteristic varies with geographical location. Malaria is endemic in a total of 101 countries and territories 45 countries in WHO’s African region, 21 in WHO’s American region, 4 in WHO’s European region, 14 in WHO’s Eastern Mediterrarian Region, 8 In WHO’s South – East Asia region, and 9 in WHO’s Western Pacific region (Noor et al. ,2002). Environmental factors such as temperature, influences Malaria prevalence in endemic areas and the disease is more frequent in rural areas than in urban areas (Noor et al. 2010). In malaria endemic parts of the world, a change in risk of malaria can be the unintended result of economic activity or Agricultural policy that changes the use of land for example creation of dams, irrigation schemes, commercial tree cropping and deforestation. In today’s international world, the phenomenon of â€Å"airport malaria†, or the importing of malaria by internati onal travelers, is becoming common place. The United Kingdom for example registered 2364 cases of malaria in 1997 and among them are 1134 children, all of them imported by travelers (UNICEF,2009). Documentation of Malaria situation analysis for Zambia (May 2000), show that malaria, particularly that caused by plasmodium falciparum, is an important public health problem in the country. Incidence of the disease has steadily rise from 1976 through 1999, to the point where it is now estimated that the incidence rate, from facility-based data, stands at 331 per 1000 population (Munthali,A. 2001). This is obviously an underestimate as many malaria cases occur at community levels which do not get reported to the formal health system. As expected, those most affected by the disease in Zambia include children under the age of five years. The clinical management of malaria in Zambia was complicated in recent years by a growing resistance to the first line treatment. The clinical failure rate ranges between 24% and 52%, levels beyond which an examination of formal change in drug policy is recommended by international health bodies such as the WHO. Studies on Knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) find that, although malaria is widely recognized, there remain many misconceptions about the disease. In Ethiopia a total of 6,214,132 malaria case were diagnosed, treated microscopically or clinically during the year 1995-2000 with an annual average of 1,242,826. The number of malaria cases showed steepy increases from 816,114 in 1995/6 to 2,020,308 in 1998/9. Much of sub-Saharan Africa is exposed to stable, endemic P. falciparum transmission leading to high burdens of morbidity and mortality among children (Murray Lopez 1997; Snow et al, 1999). In addition the continent has witnessed several devastating malaria epidemic during the early 1930s in South Africa (Le Sueur et al. 1993) 1958 in Ethiopia (Fontaine et al,1961), and 1986 in Madagascar (Mouchet,1998). These outbreaks in transmission followed clearly identifiable changes in climate favoring vector and parasite proliferation and were among non-immune populations. Various estimates from these epidemics indicate that between 1% and 14% of the respective populations died. Many factors can influence the ability of parasites and vectors to coexist long enough to result in continued transmission. Several reviews have described the effects on transmission of environmental change, changes in Agriculture and forestry practices and an-made construction (Hackett, 1949; Lindsay Birley, 1996; Lindsay Martens, 1998; Mouchet et al 1998). Global warming and other climatic events such as â€Å"El – Nino† also play their role in increasing risk of diseases. The diseases has now spread to highlands areas of Africa for instance, while El – Nino events have an impact on Malaria because the associated weather disturbances influence vector breeding sites, and hence transmission of t he disease. African children remained unprotected by an insecticide treated mosquito net in 2007 (Noor et al. , 2010). Documentation of Randomized control trials conducted in Kenya, Gambia and Ghana (UNICEF 2001) show about 30 percent of child death could be avoided if children sleep under bed nets regularly treated with recommended insecticide such as pyrethroids which will remain effective for 6 to 12 months. Malaria kills an African child every 30 seconds, and remains one of the most important threats to the health of pregnant woman and their newborns,† Bellamy, (1998). Anderson, (1943) reported that other soldiers contacted the disease in Sudan, Ethiopia and Somali due to high way which connect Nairobi to Addis Ababa in Ethiopia. Weekend Malaria, which happens when city dwellers in Africa return to their rural settings, is becoming an increasing problem. Africa child under five years of age are chronic victims, suffering an average of six bouts a year. Fatally afflicted children often die less than 72 hours after developing symptoms. In those children who survive, Malaria also drains vital nutrients from them, impairing their physical and intellectual development. Malaria sickness is also one of the principal reasons for poor school attendance in Kenya. UNICEF recognizes that malaria is one of the five major causes of mortality in children less than five years. 2. 1. 3 Malaria in Kenya. Malaria in Kenya has reached endemic in arid and semi arid region of North Eastern, Rift Valley and Eastern province. In Rift Valley it’s common in Baringo, Pokot and Laikipia. In Wajir one of the neighboring district in North Eastern province, Medicine Sans Frontiere, MSF (1998) reported that between January and March 1998 the mobile clinics in the town of Wajir treated over 20,000 cases of malaria among an estimated population of 60,00. This represents an absolute minimum attack rate of 33 per 1,000 populations for three months. Consultation data from Merlin (1998), suggest equal attack rates between children less than 5 and the population aged greater than five years. In Eastern Province high Malaria cases have been documented in Kitui, Machakos, Tharaka, Isiolo and Moyale district. Moyale district is a potential focus for diseases because of presence of vector habitats and intermingling of people due to border movements. All the key clinical features of Malaria including; intermittent fever and weight loss in the background of malnutrition was evidenced. Since the area borders the town of the neighboring countries which often experience outbreak, there has been need of capacity building of care givers and mothers through campaign on behavior and attitudinal changes. Figure 1. 2: MAP OF KENYA SHOWING MALARIA ENDEMIC AREA [pic] 2. 1. 4 Moyale district- Obbu division In mid July 2012 a suspected outbreak of Malaria was reported in Obbu division of Moyale district. The report by investigation team comprising of clinicians, Epidemiologist and Parasitologists established a total of 82 suspected cases.